OcrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 001C13

Automatic extraction of printed mathematical formulas using fuzzy logic and propagation of context

Identifieur interne : 001C13 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001C12; suivant : 001C14

Automatic extraction of printed mathematical formulas using fuzzy logic and propagation of context

Auteurs : A. Kacem [Tunisie] ; Abdel Belaïd [France] ; M. Ben Ahmed [Tunisie]

Source :

International journal on document analysis and recognition : (Print) [ 1433-2833 ] ; 2001.

RBID : Pascal:02-0104694

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Méthode heuristique, Segmentation, Caractère imprimé, Reconnaissance caractère, Logique floue, Logique mathématique, Formule mathématique.
mix :
- context propagation, document segmentation, extraction de formules mathématiques, fuzzy logic, logique floue, mathematical formula extraction, segmentation de documents, symbol labeling.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Character recognition, Fuzzy logic, Heuristic method, Mathematical formula, Mathematical logic, Printed character, Segmentation.

Abstract

This paper describes a new method to segment printed mathematical documents precisely and extract formulas automatically from their images. Unlike classical methods, it is more directed towards segmentation rather than recognition, isolating mathematical formulas outside and inside text-lines. Our ultimate goal is to delimit parts of text that could disturb OCR applications, not yet trained for formula recognition and restructuring. The method is based on a global and a local segmentation. The global segmentation separates isolated formulas from the text lines using a primary labeling. The local segmentation propagates the context around the mathematical operators met to discard embedded formulas from plain text. The primary labeling identifies some mathematical symbols by models created at a learning step using fuzzy logic. The secondary labeling reinforces the results of the primary labeling and locates the subscripts and the superscripts inside the text. A heuristic has been defined that guides this automatic process. In this paper, the different modules making up the automated segmentation of mathematical document system are presented with examples of results. Experiments carried out on some commonly seen mathematical documents show that our proposed method can achieve quite satisfactory rates, making mathematical formula extraction more feasible for real-world applications. The average rate of primary labeling of mathematical operators is about 95.3% and their secondary labeling can improve the rate by about 4%. The formula extraction rate, evaluated with 300 formulas and 100 mathematical documents having variable complexity, is close to 93%.

Url:

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100454

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Automatic extraction of printed mathematical formulas using fuzzy logic and propagation of context</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kacem, A" sort="Kacem, A" uniqKey="Kacem A" first="A." last="Kacem">A. Kacem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>ENSI-RIADI, 77 rue de Carthage, Cité Mohamed Ali</s1>
<s2>2040 Radès</s2>
<s3>TUN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Tunisie</country>
<wicri:noRegion>2040 Radès</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belaid, A" sort="Belaid, A" uniqKey="Belaid A" first="A." last="Belaïd">Abdel Belaïd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>LORIA-CNRS, Bâtiment LORIA, compus scientifique BP 239</s1>
<s2>54506 Vandoeuvre Nancy</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandoeuvre Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine</region>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Région Lorraine</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="laboratoire" n="5">Laboratoire lorrain de recherche en informatique et ses applications</orgName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ben Ahmed, M" sort="Ben Ahmed, M" uniqKey="Ben Ahmed M" first="M." last="Ben Ahmed">M. Ben Ahmed</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>RIADI-Tunisia</s1>
<s3>TUN</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Tunisie</country>
<wicri:noRegion>RIADI-Tunisia</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno>
<idno type="inist">02-0104694</idno>
<date when="2001">2001</date>
<idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 02-0104694 INIST</idno>
<idno type="RBID">Pascal:02-0104694</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000685</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000107</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000682</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1433-2833:2001:Kacem A:automatic:extraction:of</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001D09</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">HAL</idno>
<idno type="RBID">Hal:inria-00100454</idno>
<idno type="url">https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100454</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Hal/Corpus">000023</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Hal/Curation">000023</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Hal/Checkpoint">000150</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1433-2833:2001:Kacem A:automatic:extraction:of</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001D25</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001C13</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001C13</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Automatic extraction of printed mathematical formulas using fuzzy logic and propagation of context</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kacem, A" sort="Kacem, A" uniqKey="Kacem A" first="A." last="Kacem">A. Kacem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>ENSI-RIADI, 77 rue de Carthage, Cité Mohamed Ali</s1>
<s2>2040 Radès</s2>
<s3>TUN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Tunisie</country>
<wicri:noRegion>2040 Radès</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belaid, A" sort="Belaid, A" uniqKey="Belaid A" first="A." last="Belaïd">Abdel Belaïd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>LORIA-CNRS, Bâtiment LORIA, compus scientifique BP 239</s1>
<s2>54506 Vandoeuvre Nancy</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandoeuvre Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine</region>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Région Lorraine</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="laboratoire" n="5">Laboratoire lorrain de recherche en informatique et ses applications</orgName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ben Ahmed, M" sort="Ben Ahmed, M" uniqKey="Ben Ahmed M" first="M." last="Ben Ahmed">M. Ben Ahmed</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>RIADI-Tunisia</s1>
<s3>TUN</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Tunisie</country>
<wicri:noRegion>RIADI-Tunisia</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">International journal on document analysis and recognition : (Print)</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Int. j. doc. anal. recognit. : (Print)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1433-2833</idno>
<imprint><date when="2001">2001</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">International journal on document analysis and recognition : (Print)</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Int. j. doc. anal. recognit. : (Print)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1433-2833</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Character recognition</term>
<term>Fuzzy logic</term>
<term>Heuristic method</term>
<term>Mathematical formula</term>
<term>Mathematical logic</term>
<term>Printed character</term>
<term>Segmentation</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Méthode heuristique</term>
<term>Segmentation</term>
<term>Caractère imprimé</term>
<term>Reconnaissance caractère</term>
<term>Logique floue</term>
<term>Logique mathématique</term>
<term>Formule mathématique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="mix" xml:lang="fr"><term>context propagation</term>
<term>document segmentation</term>
<term>extraction de formules mathématiques</term>
<term>fuzzy logic</term>
<term>logique floue</term>
<term>mathematical formula extraction</term>
<term>segmentation de documents</term>
<term>symbol labeling</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This paper describes a new method to segment printed mathematical documents precisely and extract formulas automatically from their images. Unlike classical methods, it is more directed towards segmentation rather than recognition, isolating mathematical formulas outside and inside text-lines. Our ultimate goal is to delimit parts of text that could disturb OCR applications, not yet trained for formula recognition and restructuring. The method is based on a global and a local segmentation. The global segmentation separates isolated formulas from the text lines using a primary labeling. The local segmentation propagates the context around the mathematical operators met to discard embedded formulas from plain text. The primary labeling identifies some mathematical symbols by models created at a learning step using fuzzy logic. The secondary labeling reinforces the results of the primary labeling and locates the subscripts and the superscripts inside the text. A heuristic has been defined that guides this automatic process. In this paper, the different modules making up the automated segmentation of mathematical document system are presented with examples of results. Experiments carried out on some commonly seen mathematical documents show that our proposed method can achieve quite satisfactory rates, making mathematical formula extraction more feasible for real-world applications. The average rate of primary labeling of mathematical operators is about 95.3% and their secondary labeling can improve the rate by about 4%. The formula extraction rate, evaluated with 300 formulas and 100 mathematical documents having variable complexity, is close to 93%.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>France</li>
<li>Tunisie</li>
</country>
<region><li>Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine</li>
<li>Lorraine</li>
<li>Région Lorraine</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Nancy</li>
<li>Vandoeuvre Nancy</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Centre national de la recherche scientifique</li>
<li>Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique</li>
<li>Laboratoire lorrain de recherche en informatique et ses applications</li>
<li>Université de Lorraine</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Tunisie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kacem, A" sort="Kacem, A" uniqKey="Kacem A" first="A." last="Kacem">A. Kacem</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Ben Ahmed, M" sort="Ben Ahmed, M" uniqKey="Ben Ahmed M" first="M." last="Ben Ahmed">M. Ben Ahmed</name>
</country>
<country name="France"><region name="Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine"><name sortKey="Belaid, A" sort="Belaid, A" uniqKey="Belaid A" first="A." last="Belaïd">Abdel Belaïd</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/OcrV1/Data/Main/Exploration

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001C13 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001C13 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Ticri/CIDE
   |area=    OcrV1
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     Pascal:02-0104694
   |texte=   Automatic extraction of printed mathematical formulas using fuzzy logic and propagation of context
}}

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32.
Data generation: Sat Nov 11 16:53:45 2017. Site generation: Mon Mar 11 23:15:16 2024

Serveur d'exploration sur l'OCR

Automatic extraction of printed mathematical formulas using fuzzy logic and propagation of context

Automatic extraction of printed mathematical formulas using fuzzy logic and propagation of context

Source :

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

	Serveur d'exploration sur l'OCR
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.